PERÍODO:
1° Semestre
LOCAL:
na sala 346, Departamento de Zoologia
HORÁRIO:
Segunda, Terça, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta – 09:00 às 18:00 – 6 encontros
NÚMERO DE VAGAS:
10
PERÍODO DE MATRÍCULA:
De: 24/02/2023 a 16/06/2023
PERÍODO DE AULAS:
De: 10/07/2023 a 14/07/2023
PROFESSOR:
MARIO JARDIM CUPELLO
EMENTA:
Um dos fatos mais óbvios àqueles que se dedicam ao estudo da diversidade biológica é a
sua natureza descontínua. Os organismos, ainda que individualmente únicos, se organizam
em grupos até certo ponto homogêneos e, em conjunto, discretos de outros tais agrupamentos.
Tal natureza discreta é o que levou naturalistas desde tempos imemoriais a classificar os
organismos em unidades fundamentais que chamaríamos, hoje, de espécies. Mas por que a
biodiversidade se apresenta de tal modo? Por que o espaço fenogenotípico é preenchido
apenas em partes e não na sua totalidade? O que mantém a coesão desses grupos e impede
que se unam uns aos outros? E como essas descontinuidades surgem ao longo do processo
evolutivo? Essas perguntas constituem o chamado ?Problema das Espécies?, o objeto de
estudo da especiologia. Nesta disciplina, vamos explorar o problema e procurar respostas.
Iremos discutir a natureza da diversidade biológica e como definir o termo ?espécie? de
maneira que melhor sirva ao seu estudo. Conceitos-chave serão introduzidos, tais como o de
população mendeliana, comunidade reprodutiva, estrutura populacional, phenon, clina, zona
de intergradação, dispersão, fluxo gênico, hibridismo, introgressão, modos de reprodução,
separação, isolamento e independência reprodutiva, klepton, klonon, mayron, subespécie,
semiespécie, cenoespécie, pensamento populacional e o contínuo da especiação. Veremos
como as espécies se diversificam ao longo do espaço e tempo, como elas se multiplicam e
como podem vir a se extinguir. Ao fazê-lo, iremos nos centrar nos modelos especiológicos
mais bem estabelecidos, incluindo a reprodução alogamética, a especiação alopátrica e o
gradualismo táxico, mas não por isso fugiremos de tópicos controversos, tais como a
especiação simpátrica, as ?revoluções genéticas?, a especiação instantânea, o isolamento
reprodutivo por reforço e as agamoespécies. Tudo isso nos levará a questões filosóficas
centrais ao problema das espécies, incluindo o status ontológico das espécies e os dualismos
monismo vs. pluralismo e realismo vs. operacionalismo. O próximo passo será, então,
mostrar como a compreensão de todas essas nuances enriquece o trabalho diário de um
biólogo evolutivo, especialmente aquele dos sistematas. O que é um táxon de espécie e como
delimitá-lo? Uma revisão taxonômica pode e deve ser muito mais do que uma mera listagem
de ?tipos?. Por fim, exploraremos a natureza da nossa própria espécie, Homo sapiens: o que a
especiologia tem a dizer sobre quem somos?
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