PERÍODO:
1° Semestre
LOCAL:
Sala 346 – Departamento de Zoologia
HORÁRIO:
Segunda, Terça, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta – 09:00 às 18:00 – 5 encontros
NÚMERO DE VAGAS:
23
PERÍODO DE MATRÍCULA:
De: 14/02/2023 a 07/07/2023
PERÍODO DE AULAS:
De: 10/07/2023 a 14/07/2023
PROFESSOR:
MARIO JARDIM CUPELLO
EMENTA:
Um dos fatos mais óbvios àqueles que se dedicam ao estudo da diversidade biológica é a sua natureza descontínua. Os organismos, ainda que individualmente únicos, se organizam em grupos até certo ponto homogêneos e, em conjunto, discretos de outros tais agrupamentos. Tal natureza discreta é o que levou naturalistas desde tempos imemoriais a classificar os organismos em unidades fundamentais que chamaríamos, hoje, de espécies. Mas por que a biodiversidade se apresenta de tal modo? Por que o espaço fenogenotípico é preenchido apenas em partes e não na sua totalidade? O que mantém a coesão desses grupos e impede que se unam uns aos outros? E como essas descontinuidades surgem ao longo do processo evolutivo? Essas perguntas constituem o chamado ?Problema das Espécies?, o objeto de estudo da especiologia. Nesta disciplina, vamos explorar o problema e procurar respostas. Iremos discutir a natureza da diversidade biológica e como definir o termo ?espécie? de maneira que melhor sirva ao seu estudo. Conceitos-chave serão introduzidos, tais como o de população mendeliana, comunidade reprodutiva, estrutura populacional, phenon, clina, zona de intergradação, fluxo gênico, hibridismo, introgressão, modos de reprodução, separação, isolamento e independência reprodutiva, klepton, subespécie, semiespécie, cenoespécie, pensamento populacional, status ontológico e o contínuo da especiação. Veremos como as espécies se diversificam ao longo do espaço e tempo, como elas se multiplicam e como podem vir a se extinguir. Ao fazê-lo, iremos nos centrar nos modelos especiológicos mais bem estabelecidos, incluindo a reprodução alogamética, a especiação alopátrica e o gradualismo táxico, mas não por isso fugiremos de tópicos controversos, tais como a especiação simpátrica, as ?revoluções genéticas?, a especiação instantânea, o isolamento reprodutivo por reforço e as agamoespécies. O próximo passo será, então, mostrar como a compreensão de todas essas nuances enriquece o trabalho diário de um biólogo evolutivo, especialmente aquele dos sistematas. O que é um táxon de espécie e como delimitá-lo? Uma revisão taxonômica pode e deve ser muito mais do que uma mera listagem de ?tipos?. Isso nos levará, por fim, a explorar a natureza da nossa própria espécie, Homo sapiens: o que a especiologia tem a dizer sobre quem somos?
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