PERÍODO:
1° Semestre
LOCAL:
na sala 346, Departamento de Zoologia
HORÁRIO:
Segunda, Terça, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta – 09:00 às 18:00 – 6 encontros
NÚMERO DE VAGAS:
10
PERÍODO DE MATRÍCULA:
De: 24/02/2023 a 30/06/2023
PERÍODO DE AULAS:
De: 10/07/2023 a 14/07/2023
PROFESSOR:
MARIO JARDIM CUPELLO
EMENTA:
Um dos fatos mais óbvios àqueles que se dedicam ao estudo da diversidade biológica é a
sua natureza descontínua. Os organismos, ainda que individualmente únicos, se organizam
em grupos até certo ponto homogêneos e, em conjunto, discretos de outros tais agrupamentos.
Tal natureza discreta é o que levou naturalistas desde tempos imemoriais a classificar os
organismos em unidades fundamentais que chamaríamos, hoje, de espécies. Mas por que a
biodiversidade se apresenta de tal modo? Por que o espaço fenogenotípico é preenchido
apenas em partes e não na sua totalidade? O que mantém a coesão desses grupos e impede
que se unam uns aos outros? E como essas descontinuidades surgem ao longo do processo
evolutivo? Essas perguntas constituem o chamado Problema das Espécies, o objeto de
estudo da especiologia. Nesta disciplina, vamos explorar o problema e procurar respostas.
Iremos discutir a natureza da diversidade biológica e como definir o termo espécie de
maneira que melhor sirva ao seu estudo. Conceitos-chave serão introduzidos, tais como o de
população mendeliana, comunidade reprodutiva, estrutura populacional, phenon, clina, zona
de intergradação, dispersão, fluxo gênico, hibridismo, introgressão, modos de reprodução,
separação, isolamento e independência reprodutiva, klepton, klonon, mayron, subespécie,
semiespécie, cenoespécie, pensamento populacional e o contínuo da especiação. Veremos
como as espécies se diversificam ao longo do espaço e tempo, como elas se multiplicam e
como podem vir a se extinguir. Ao fazê-lo, iremos nos centrar nos modelos especiológicos
mais bem estabelecidos, incluindo a reprodução alogamética, a especiação alopátrica e o
gradualismo táxico, mas não por isso fugiremos de tópicos controversos, tais como a
especiação simpátrica, as revoluções genéticas, a especiação instantânea, o isolamento
reprodutivo por reforço e as agamoespécies. Tudo isso nos levará a questões filosóficas
centrais ao problema das espécies, incluindo o status ontológico das espécies e os dualismos
monismo vs. pluralismo e realismo vs. operacionalismo. O próximo passo será, então,
mostrar como a compreensão de todas essas nuances enriquece o trabalho diário de um
biólogo evolutivo, especialmente aquele dos sistematas. O que é um táxon de espécie e como
delimitá-lo? Uma revisão taxonômica pode e deve ser muito mais do que uma mera listagem
de tipos. Por fim, exploraremos a natureza da nossa própria espécie, Homo sapiens: o que a
especiologia tem a dizer sobre quem somos?
BIBLIOGRAFIA:
Abercrombie, M., Hickman, M., Johnson, M.L. & Thain, M. (1992) The Penguin dictionary
of biology. Eight edition. Reprinted with amendments. Penguin Books, Londres, 600 pp.
Amadon, D. (1966) The superspecies concept. Systematic Zoology 15 (3): 245249.
Anderson, T.R. (2006) Biology of the ubiquitous house sparrow: From genes to populations.
Oxford University Press, New York, New York, xi + 547 pp.
Arnold, M.L. (2006) Evolution through genetic exchange. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
xiv + 252 pp.
Arnold, M.L. (2016) Divergence with genetic exchange. Oxford University Press, Oxford, xv
+ 251 pp.
Avise, J.C. (2000a) Cladists in wonderland. Evolution 54 (5): 1828‒1832.
Avise, J.C. (2000b) Phylogeography. The history and formation of species. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, e Londres, viii + 447 pp.
Baker, H.G. (1952) The ecospecies ‒ Prelude to discussion. Evolution 6: 61‒68.
Barraclough, T.G. (2019) The evolutionary biology of species. Oxford, Oxford University
Press, xii + 271 pp.
Bernardi, G. (1980) Les catégories taxonomiques de la systématique évolutive. Mémoire de
la Société Zoologique de France 40 (3): 373‒425.
Bickford, D., Lohman, D.J., Sodhi, N.S., Ng, P.K.L., Meier, R., Winker, K., Ingram, K.K. &
Das, I. (2007) Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 22 (3): [148]‒155.
Bizzo, N. (2014) Primeiras teorias sobre a evolução humana: Cérebro avantajado versus
postura ereta, do Anthropithecus ao Australopithecus. Ciência & Ambiente 48: [23]41.
Bock, W.J. (2004b) Species: The concept, category and taxon. Journal of Zoological
Systematics and Evolutionary Research 42: 178190.
Borkin, L.J., Litvinchuk, S.N., Rosanov, Y.M. & Skorinov, D.V. (2004) On cryptic species
(an example of amphibians). Entomological Review 84 (Suppl. 1): S75‒S98.
Bowler, P.J. (2009) Evolution, the history of an idea. Third edition, completely revised and
expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley e Los Angeles, Califórnia, e Londres,
xix + 464 pp.
Braby, M.F., Eastwood, R. & Murray, N. (2012) The subspecies concept in butterflies: has its
application in taxonomy and conservation biology outlived its usefulness? Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society 106 (4): 699716.
Brower, A.V.Z. (1996) Parallel race formation and the evolution of mimicry in Heliconius
butterflies: A phylogenetic hypothesis from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution 50
(1): 195‒221.
Brown, Jr, W.L. (1957) Centrifugal speciation. The Quarterly Review of Biology 32 (3): 247‒
277.
Brown, Jr, W.L. & Wilson, E.O. (1956) Character displacement. Systematic Zoology 5(2):
4964.
Browne, J. (1980) Darwins botanical arithmetic and the Principle of Divergence, 1854‒
1858. Journal of the History of Biology 13 (1): 53‒89.
Browne, J. (1996) Charles Darwin: vol. 1. Voyaging. Jonathan Cape, Londres, xvii + 606 pp.
[disponível em português]
Browne, J. (2002) Charles Darwin: vol. 2. The Power of the Place. Jonathan Cape, Londres,
591 pp. [disponível em português]
Bush, M.B. & de Oliveira, P.E. (2006) The rise and fall of the Refugial Hypothesis of
Amazonian speciation: A paleocological perspective. Biota Neotropica 6 (1): sem
paginação [17 pp.]
Cain, A.J. (1954; 1993 reprint) Animal species and their evolution. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 206 pp.
Calcott, B. & Sterelny, K. (2011) The major transitions in evolution revisited. The MIT
Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 336 pp.
Censky, E.J., Hodge, K. & Dudley, J. (1998) Over-water dispersal of lizards due to
hurricanes. Nature 395: 556.
Cohan, F.M. (2011) Are species cohesive? A view from bacteriology. In: Walk, S.T. & Feng,
P.C.H. (eds) Population genetics of bacteria: A tribute to Thomas S. Whittam. ASM Press,
Washington, D.C., xix + 336 pp.
Cohan, F.M. (2017) Transmission in the origins of bacterial diversity, from ecotypes to phyla.
Microbiology Spectrum 5 (5): 1‒26.
Cook, O.F. (1906) Factors of species-formation. Science 23 (587): 506507.
Coyne, J.A. (1994) Ernst Mayr and the origin of species. Evolution 48 (1): 19‒30.
Coyne, J.A. & Orr, H.A. (2004) Speciation. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts,
xiii + 545 pp.
Cracraft, J. (1983) Species concepts and speciation analysis. In: Johnston, R.F. (ed.) Current
ornithology, vol. 1. Plenum, New York, New York, pp. 159‒187.
Cracraft, J. (1984) The terminology of allopatric speciation. Systematic Zoology 33 (1): 115‒
116.
Cupello, M., Ribeiro-Costa, C.S. & Vaz-de-Mello, F.Z. (2021) The evolution of Bolbites
onitoides (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Phanaeini): its phylogenetic significance,
geographical polychromatism and the subspecies problem. Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society versão online: 1‒62.
Dambros, C., Zuquim, G., Moulatlet, G.M., Costa, F.R.C., Tuomisto, H., Ribas, C.C.,
Azevedo, R., Baccaro, F., Bobrowiec, P.E.D., Dias, M.S., Emilio, T., Espirito-Santo,
H.M.V., Figueiredo, F.O.G., Franklin, E., Freitas, C., Graça, M.B., dHorta, F., Leitão,
R.P., Maximiano, M., Mendonça, F.P., Menger, J., Morais, J.W., de Souza, A.H.N., Souza,
J.L.P., Tavares, V.C., do Vale, J.D., Venticinque, E.M., Zuanon, J. & Magnusson, W.E.
(2020) The role of environmental filtering, geographic distance and dispersal barriers in
shaping the turnover of plant and animal species in Amazonia. Biodiversity and
Conservation 29: 3609‒3634.
Darwin, C. (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation
of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, Londres, [x] + 502 + 32 pp.
[disponível em português]
Darwin, C. (1871) The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. In two volumes. Vol.
I. John Murray, Londres, viii + 423 + 16 pp. [disponível em português]
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 224 pp. [disponível
em português]
Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype. The gene as the unit of selection. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 307 pp.
Diamond, J. (1997) Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. W.W. Norton, New
York, NY, 480 pp. [disponível em português]
Diamond, J. (2012) The world until yesterday: What can we learn from traditional societies?
Viking Press, New York, NY, 499 pp. [disponível em português]
Diamond, J. & Bellwood, P. (2003) Farmers and their languages: The first expansions.
Science 300 (5619): 597603.
Dobzhansky, T. (1935) A critique of the species concept in biology. Philosophy of Science 2
(3): 344355.
Dobzhansky, T. (1937) Genetics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New
York, New York, 364 pp.
Dobzhansky, T. (1950) Mendelian populations and their evolution. The American Naturalist
84 (819): 401‒418.
Dobzhansky, T. (1951) Genetics and the origin of species. Third edition, revised. Columbia
University Press, New York, New York, x + 360 pp.
Dubois, A. (2011) Species and strange species in zoology: Do we need a unified concept
of species? Comptes Rendus Palevol 10: 11‒94.
Dubois, A., Bauer, A.M., Ceríaco, L.M.P., Dusoulier, F., Frétey, T., Löbl, I. Lorvelec, O.,
Ohler, A., Stopiglia, R. & Aescht, E. (2019) The Linz Zoocode project: A set of new
proposals regarding the terminology, the Principles and Rules of zoological nomenclature.
First report of activities (2014‒2019). Bionomina 17: 1‒111.
Economo, E.P. & Sarnat, E.M. (2012) Revisiting the ants of Melanesia and the taxon cycle:
Historical and human-mediated invasions of a tropical archipelago. The American
Naturalist 180 (1): [E1]‒E15.
Eldredge, N. & Gould, S.J. (1972) Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic
gradualism. In: Schopf, T.J.M. (ed.) Models in paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper & Co., San
Francisco, Califórnia, pp. 82115.
Endler, J.A. (1977) Geographic variation, speciation, and clines. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, New Jersey, ix + 246 pp.
Ereshefsky, M. (1992) The units of evolution. Essays on the nature of species. The MIT
Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, e Londres, xii + 405 pp.
Ereshefsky, M. (2001) The poverty of the Linnaean hierarchy. A philosophical study of
biological taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, x + 316 pp.
Ereshefsky, M. (2010) Darwins solution to the species problem. Synthese 175: 405‒425.
Ereshefsky, M. (2022) Species. In: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy, Summer 2022 edition. Disponível online em:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/
Fitzpatrick, J.W. (2010) Subspecies are for convenience. Ornithological Monographs 67: 54‒
61.
Futuyma, D.J. (1998) Evolutionary biology. 3rd ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland,
Massachusetts, 763 pp. [disponível em português]
Futuyma, D.J. (2005) Ernst Mayr, genetics and speciation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
21 (1): 7‒8.
Futuyma, D.J. & Kirkpatrick, M. (2017) Evolution. Fourth edition. Sinauer Associates,
Sunderland, Massachusetts, [xix] + 602 pp. +14 pp. + 18 pp. + 30 pp. + 4 pp. + 32 pp. + [2]
pp.
Gelman, S.A. (2003) The essential child. Origins of essentialism in everyday thought. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, x + 382 pp.
Ghiselin, M.T. (1969) The triumph of the Darwinian method. University of California Press,
Berkeley, Califórnia, 287 pp.
Ghiselin, M.T. (1974) A radical solution to the species problem. Systematic Zoology 23 (4):
536‒544.
Ghiselin, M.T. (1995) Ostensive definitions of the names of species and clades. Biology and
Philosophy 10: 219‒222.
Ghiselin, M.T. (1997) Metaphysics and the origin of species. State University of New York
Press, Albany, New York, xi +377 pp.
Grant, P.R. & Grant, B.R. (2014) 40 years of evolution. Darwins finches on Daphne Major
island. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, xxxii + 400 pp.
Grant, V. (1981) Plant speciation. Second edition. Columbia University Press, New York,
New York, xii + 563 pp.
Grant, V. (2004) Plant speciation, the book: Perspectives and paradigms. The New
Phytologist 161 (1): 8‒11.
Greenwood, P.H. (1974) The cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria, East Africa: The biology and
evolution of a species flock. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology,
Supplement 6: [1]‒134.
Greenwood, P.H. (1984) What is a species flock? In: Echelle, A.A. & Kornfield, I. (eds)
Evolution of fish species flocks. University of Maine at Orono Press, Orono, Maine, 13‒19
pp.
Griffths, P.E. (2021) What are biological sexes? Disponível online em:
https://philarchive.org/rec/GRIWAB2#:~:text=Biological%20sexes%20(male%2C%20female%2C,more%20times%20during
%20their%20lives.
Gould, S.J. (2002) The structure of evolutionary theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, e Londres, xxii + 1433 pp.
Haffer, J. (1967) Speciation in Colombian forest birds west of the Andes. American Museum
Novitates 2294: 1‒57.
Haffer, J. (1969). Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165 (3889): 131137.
Haffer, J. (1986) Superspecies and species limits in vertebrates. Zeitschrift für Zoologische
Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 24 (3): 169‒190.
Haffer, J. (1992) The history of species concepts and species limits in ornithology. Bulletin of
the British Ornithological Club, Centenary Supplement 112A: 107‒158.
Haffer, J. (2007) Ornithology, evolution, and philosophy. The life and science of Ernst Mayr
1904‒2005. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, ix + 464 pp.
Harrison, R.G. (1998) Linking evolutionary pattern and process. The relevance of species
concepts for the study of speciation. In: Howard, D.J., Berlocher, S.H. (eds) Endless forms.
Species and speciation. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, e Oxford, 1931.
Harrison, R.G. (2012) The language of speciation. Evolution 66 (12): 36433657.
Harvati, K. & Reyes-Centeno, H. (2022) Evolution of Homo in the Middle and Late
Pleistocene. Journal of Human Evolution 173: [1]12.
Heethoff, M. (2018) Cryptic species ‒ Conceptual or terminological chaos? A response to
Struck et al. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33 (5): 310.
Henning, F. & Meyer, A. (2014) The evolutionary genomics of cichlid fishes: Explosive
speciation and adaptation in the postgenomic era. Annual Review of Genomics and Human
Genetics 15: 417‒441.
Hernández-Hernández, T., Miller, E.C., Román-Palacios, C. & Wiens, J.J. (2021) Speciation
across the Tree of Life. Biological Reviews 96: 1205‒1242.
Hill, G. (2016) Mitonuclear coevolution as the genesis of speciation and the mitochondrial
DNA barcode gap. Ecology and Evolution 6 (16): 5831‒5842.
Hill, G. (2017) The mitonuclear compatibility species concept. The Auk 134: 393‒409.
Hill, G. (2019) Reconciling the mitonuclear compatibility species concept with rampant
mitochondrial introgression. Integrative and Comparative Biology 59 (4): 912‒924.
Howard, D.J. & Berlocher, S.H. (1998) Endless forms: Species and speciation. Oxford
University Press, Oxford and New York, New York, xii + 470 pp.
Hull, D.L. (1965) The effect of essentialism on taxonomy: Two thousand years of stasis.
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 15: 314326, 16: 118.
Hull, D.L. (1988) Science as a Process. An Evolutionary Account of the Social and
Conceptual Development of Science. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, e
Londres, 600 pp.
Huxley, J. (1938a) Species formation and geographical speciation. Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of London 150 (4): 253264.
Huxley, J. (1938b) Clines: An auxiliary taxonomic principle. Nature 142 (3587): 219220.
Huxley, J. (1938c) Clines: An auxiliary method in taxonomy. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 27
(1): [491]520.
Huxley, J. (1940a) The new systematics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, viii + 583 pp.
Huxley, J. (1940b) Towards the new systematics. In: Huxley, J. (ed.) The new systematics.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, [1]‒46.
Huxley, J. (1957) The three types of evolutionary process. Nature 180: 454‒455.
Jeggins, C.D. & Mallet, J. (2000) Bimodal hybrid zones and speciation. Trends in Ecology &
Evolution 15: 250255.
Kasparek, M. (2021) So different but nonetheless the same species: Multiple geographic
clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l.
(Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 21: 719735.
Kiriakoff, S.G. (1967) On the nomenclature of the superspecies. Systematic Zoology 16 (3):
281‒282.
Kocher, T.D. (2004) Adaptive evolution and explosive speciation: The cichlid fish model.
Nature Reviews Genetics 5: 288298.
Kornfield, I. & Smith, P.F. (2000) African cichlid fishes: Model systems for evolutionary
biology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 163‒182.
Korshunova, T., Picton, B., Furfaro, G., Mariottini, P., Pontes, M., Prkić, J., Fletcher, K.,
Malmberg, K., Lundin, K. & Martynov, A. (2019) Multilvel fine-scale diversity
challenges the cryptic species concept. Scientific Reports 9 (6732): 1‒23.
Kunz, W. (2012) Do species exist? Principles of taxonomic classification. Wiley-Blackwell,
Weinheim, xxxiii + 245 pp.
Lack, D. (1947) Darwins finches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 208 pp.
Levin, D.A. (2000) The origin, expansion, and demise of plant species. Oxford University
Press, Oxford e New York, York, 230 pp.
Lucock, M.D. (2023) The evolution of human skin pigmentation: A changing medley of
vitamins, genetic variability, and UV radiation during human expansion. American Journal
of Biological Anthropology 180 (2): 252271.
Mallet, J (1995) A species definition for the modern synthesis. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 10: 294299.
Mallet, J. (2001) The speciation revolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14 (6): 887888.
Mallet, J. (2004) Poulton, Wallace and Jordan: how discoveries in Papilio butterflies led to a
new species concept 100 years ago. Systematics and Biodiversity 1 (4): 441‒452.
Mallet, J. (2008) Hybridization, ecological races and the nature of species: Empirical
evidence for the ease of speciation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363:
2971‒2986.
Mallet, J. & Dasmahapatra, K.K. (2012) Hybrid zones and the speciation continuum in
Heliconius butterflies. Molecular Ecology 21 (23): 5643‒5645.
Martin, S.H., Dasmahapatra, K.K., Nadeau, N.J., Salazar, C., Walters, J.R., Simpson, F.,
Blaxter, M., Manica, A., Mallet, J. & Jiggins, C.D. (2013) Genome-wide evidence for
speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies. Genome Research 23: 1817‒1828.
Mayr, E. (1940) Speciation phenomena in birds. The American Naturalist 74 (752): 249278.
Mayr, E. (1942) Systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist.
Columbia University Press, New York, New York 334 pp.
Mayr, E. (1950) Taxonomic categories in fossil hominids. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on
Quantitative Biology 15: 109118.
Mayr, E. (1954) Change of genetic environment and evolution. In: Huxley, J., Hardy, A.C. &
Ford, E.B. (eds) Evolution as a process. Allen and Unwin, Londres, pp. 157180.
Mayr, E. (1957) Species concepts and definitions. In: Mayr, E. (ed.) The species problem. A
symposium presented at the Atlanta Meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, December 28‒29, 1955. American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C., pp. 1‒22.
Mayr, E. (1959) Trends in avian systematics. Ibis 10 (3‒4): 293‒302.
Mayr, E. (1963) Animal species and evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 797 pp.
Mayr, E. (1969) Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, xi +
428 pp.
Mayr, E. (1970) Populations, species, and evolution. An abridgment of Animal Species and
Evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 453
pp. [disponível em português]
Mayr, E. (1978) Origin and history of some terms in systematic and evolutionary biology.
Systematic Zoology 27 (1): 8388.
Mayr, E. (1982a) The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance.
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ix + 974 pp.
[disponível em português]
Mayr, E. (1982b) Speciation and macroevolution. Evolution 36: 11191132.
Mayr, E. (1988) Toward a new philosophy of Biology: Observations of an evolutionist.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, e Londres, ix + 564 pp.
Mayr, E. (1992) Darwins Principle of Divergence. Journal of the History of Biology 25 (3):
343‒359.
Mayr, E. (1996) What is a species, and what is not? Philosophy of Science 63 (2): 262‒277.
Mayr, E. (1997) This is biology. The science of the living world. Cambridge, Massachusetts,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, xv + 327 pp. [disponível em
português]
Mayr, E. (2001) What Evolution Is. Basic Books, New York, New York, xvii + 318 pp.
[disponível em português]
Mayr, E. (2002) The biology of race and the concept of equality. Daedalus 131 (1): 8994.
Mayr, E. (2004) What makes biology unique? Considerations on the autonomy of a scientific
discipline. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, xiv + 232 pp. [disponível em
português]
Mayr, E. & Ashlock, P.D. (1991) Principles of Systematic Zoology. 2nd edition. McGraw
Hill, New York, New York, xx + 475 pp
Mayr, E. & Diamond, J.[M.] (2001) The birds of Northern Melanesia: Speciation, ecology,
and biogeography. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, xxiv + 492 pp. + 9 pls.
Mayr, E., Linsley, E.G., Usinger, R.L. (1953) Methods and principles of systematic zoology.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York, Toronto e Londres, 328 pp.
Mayr, E. & OHara, R.J. (1986) The biogeographic evidence supporting the Pleistocene
forest refuge hypothesis. Evolution 40: 55‒67.
Maynard Smith, J. & Szathmáry, E. (1995) The major transitions in evolution. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, xiv + 346 pp.
Millan, A.S. (2022) The journey of bacterial genes. Nature Ecology & Evolution 6: 498499.
Munson, T.V. (1885) Native grapes of the United States. Transactions of the American
Horticultural Society 3: 128‒141.
Murray, J. & Clarke, B. (1980) The genus Partula on Moorea: Speciation in progress.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 211 (1182): 83‒
117.
Oliveira, S.F., Arcanjo, A.C. & Rojas, N.M.D. (2014) Podemos classificar e dividir humanos
em raças? Ciência & Ambiente 48: [199]216.
Otte, D. & Endler, J.A. (1989) Speciation and its consequences. Sinauer Associates,
Sunderland, Massachusetts, xiii + 679 pp.
Paterson, H.E.H. (1993) [todos os capítulos no livro]. In: McEvey, S.F. (ed.) Evolution and
the recognition concept of species. Collected writings. The John Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, Maryland, e Londres, 234 pp.
Pavlinov, I.Y. (2021) Biological systematics. History and theory. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, New York, New York, e Londres, xiv + 255 pp.
Pfennig, K.S. & Pfennig, D.W. (2009) Character displacement: ecological and reproductive
responses to a common evolutionary problem. Quarterly Review of Biology 84 (3): 253
276.
Pfennig, D.W. & Pfennig, K.S. (2010) Character displacement and the origins of diversity.
The American Naturalist 176 (Supplement): [S26]S44.
Poulton, E.B. (1903) What is a species? Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London
[year 1903]: lxxvii‒cxvi.
Price, T. (2008) Speciation in birds. Greenwood Village, Colorado, x + 470 pp.
Quammen, D. (1996) The song of the dodo. Island biogeography in an age of extinction.
Scribner, New York, New York, 702 pp. [disponível em português]
Quammen, (2018) The tangled tree. A radical new history of life. Simon & Schuster, New
York, New York, 461 pp.
de Queiroz, K. (1998) The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process
of speciation. A conceptual unification and terminological recommendations. In: Howard,
D.J. & Berlocher, S.H. (eds) Endless forms: species and speciation. Oxford University
Press, Oxford, pp. 5775.
de Queiroz, K. (1999) The general lineage concept of species and the defining properties of
the species category. In: Wilson, R.A. (ed) Species: New interdisciplinary essays. The MIT
Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 4989.
de Queiroz, K. (2005) A unified concept of species and its consequences for the future of
taxonomy. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 56, Supplement I (18): 196
215.
de Queiroz, K. (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology 56 (6):
879886.
Ricklefs, R.E. & Bermingham, E. (2002) The concept of the taxon cycle in biogeography.
Global Ecology & Biogeography 11: 353361.
Ridley, M. (2004) Evolution. Third edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, xxv + 751 pp.
[disponível em português]
Ritchie, H., Spooner, F. & Roser, M. (2022) Biodiversity. Disponível online em:
https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity
da Rocha, D.G. & Kaefer, I.L. (2019) What has become of the refugia hypothesis to explain
biological diversity in Amazonia? Ecology and Evolution 9 (7): 4302‒4309.
Simpson, G.G. (1940) Types in modern taxonomy. American Journal of Sciences 238 (6):
413‒431.
Simpson, G.G. (1951) The species concept. Evolution 5 (4): 285298.
Simpson, G.G. (1952) Probabilities of dispersal in geologic time. Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History 99: 163 176.
Simpson, G.G. (1960) Types and name-bearers. Science 131 (3414): 1684.
Simpson, G.G. (1961) Principles of animal taxonomy. Columbia University Press, New York,
New York, x + 247 pp. [disponível em português]
Smocovitis, V.B. (1996) Unifying biology. The Evolutionary Synthesis and evolutionary
biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, xxiv + 231 pp.
Sneath, P.H.A. (1962) The construction of taxonomic groups. In: Ainsworth, G.C. & Sneath,
P.H.A. (eds) Microbial classification, Twelfth Symposium of the Society for General
Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 289‒332.
Sober, E. (1980) Evolution, population thinking, and essentialism. Philosophy of Science 47
(3): 350‒383.
Stamos, D. (2005) Pre-Darwinian taxonomy and essentialism. A reply to Mary Winsor.
Biology and Philosophy 20: 79‒96.
Stamos, D.N. (2007) Darwin and the nature of species. State University of New York Press,
Albany, New York, xix + 273 pp.
Stankowski, S. & Ravinet, M. (2021) Defining the speciation continuum. Evolution 75 (6):
1256‒1273.
Steyskal, G.C. (1972) The meaning of the term sibling species. Systematic Zoology 21 (4):
446.
Stoneking, M., Arias, L., Liu, D., Oliveira, S., Pugach, I. & Rodriguez, J.J.R.B. (2023)
Genomic perspectives on human dispersals during the Holocene. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 120 (4): 110 + apêndice (supporting information) com
mapas.
Stresemann, E. (1936) The formenkreis-theory. The Auk 53 (2): 150158.
Struck, T.H., Feder, J.L., Bendiksby, M., Birkeland, S., Cerca, J. Gusarov, V.I., Kistenich, S.,
Larsson, K.-H., Liow, L.H., Nowak, M.D., Stedje, B., Bachmann, L. & Dimitrov, D.
(2018a) Finding evolutionary processes hidden in cryptic species. Trends in Ecology &
Evolution 33 (5): 153‒163.
Struck, T.H., Feder, J.L., Bendiksby, M., Birkeland, S., Cerca, J. Gusarov, V.I., Kistenich, S.,
Larsson, K.-H., Liow, L.H., Nowak, M.D., Stedje, B., Bachmann, L. & Dimitrov, D.
(2018b) Cryptic species ‒ More than terminological chaos: A reply to Heethoff. Trends in
Ecology & Evolution 33 (3): 310‒312.
Szathmáry, E. (2015) Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 112 (33): 1010410111.
Szathmáry, E. & Maynard Smith, J. (1995) The major evolutionary transitions. Nature 374:
227‒232.
Taylor, B.L., Archer, F.I., Martien, K.K., Rosei, P.E., Hancock-Hanser, B.L., Lang, A.R.,
Leslie, M.S., Mesnick, S.L., Morin, P.A., Pease, V.L., Perrin, W.F., Robertson, K.M.,
Parsons, K.M., Viricei, A., Vollmer, N.L., Cipriano, F., Reeves, R.R., Krützen, M. &
Baker C.S. (2017b) Guidelines and quantitative standards to improve consistency in
cetacean subspecies and species delimitation relying on molecular genetic data. Marine
Mammals Science 33 (Special Issue): 132‒155.
Taylor, B.L., Perrin, W.F., Reeves, R.R., Rosei, P.E., Wang, J.Y., Cipriano, F., Baker, C.S.,
Brownell, Jr., R.L. (2017a) Why we should develop guidelines and quantitative standards
for using genetic data to delimit subspecies for data-poor organisms like cetaceans.
Marine Mammals Science 33 (Special Issue): 12‒26.
Templeton, A.R. (1989) The meaning of species and speciation: A genetic perspective. In:
Otte, D. & Endler, J.A. (eds) Speciation and its consequences. Sinauer Associates,
Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 3‒27.
Van Valen, L. (1976) Ecological species, multispecies, and oaks. Taxon 25: 233239.7
Wallace, A.R. (1852) On the monkeys of the Amazon. Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London 20:107110.
Wallace, A.R. (1855) On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species. Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, Second Series 16: 184196.
Weiner, J. (1994) The beak of the finch: A story of evolution in our time. Alfred A. Knopf,
New York, New York, 334 pp. [disponível em português]
Wheeler, Q.D. & Meier, R. (2000) [versão de 2003] Species concepts and phylogenetic
theory. A debate. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Wiley, E.O. (1978) The evolutionary species concept reconsidered. Systematic Zoology 27:
1726.
Wiley, E.O. (1980) Is the evolutionary species fiction? A consideration of classes,
individuals and historical entities. Systematic Zoology 29 (1): 7680.
Wilkins, J.S. (2009) Species. A history of the idea. University of California Press, Berkeley,
Los Angeles, e Londres, xiv + 305 pp.
Williams, G.C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection. A critique of some current
evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, x + 307 pp.
Wilson, E.O. (1959) Adaptative shift and dispersal in a tropical ant fauna. Evolution 13: 122
144.
Wilson, E.O. (1961) The nature of the taxon cycle in the Melanesian ant fauna. American
Naturalist 95: 169193.
Wilson, E.O. (1992) The diversity of life. Cambridge, Massachusetts, The Belknap Press of
Harvard University Press, 424 pp. [disponível em português]
Wilson, E.O. (2003) Pheidole in the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 794 pp.
Wilson, E.O. & Brown, Jr, W.L. (1953) The subspecies concept and its taxonomic
application. Systematic Zoology 2(3): 97111.
Wilson, R.A. (1999) Species. New interdisciplinary essays. The MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, e Londres, xxi + 325 pp.
Winker, K. (2010) Subspecies represent geographically partitioned variation, a gold mine of
evolutionary biology, and a challenge for conservation. Ornithological Monographs 67: 6‒
23.
Winsor, M.P. (2003) Non-essentialist methods in pre-Darwinian taxonomy. Biology and
Philosophy 18: 387400.
Winsor, M.P. (2006a) The creation of the essentialism story: an exercise in metahistory.
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 28: 149174.
Winsor, M.P. (2006b) Linnaeuss biology was not essentialist. Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden 93 (1): 27.
Winsor, M.P. (2009) Taxonomy was the foundation of Darwins evolution. Taxon 58 (1): 43‒
49.
Witteveen, J. (2015a) A temporary oversimplification: Mayr, Simpson, Dobzhansky, and
the origins of the typology/population dichotomy (part 1 of 2). Studies in History and
Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Part C: Studies in History and
Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 54: 20‒33.
Witteveen, J. (2015b) A temporary oversimplification: Mayr, Simpson, Dobzhansky, and
the origins of the typology/population dichotomy (part 2 of 2). Studies in History and
Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Part C: Studies in History and
Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 54: 96‒105.
Witteveen, J. (2016) Suppressing synonymy with a homonym: The emergence of the
nomenclatural type concept in nineteenth century natural history. Journal of the History of
Biology 49: 135‒189.
Witteveen, J. (2020) Linnaeus, the essentialism story, and the question of types. Taxon 69 (6):
1141‒1149.
White, M.J.D. (1978) Modes of speciation. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco,
California, 455 pp.
Wright, S. (1931) Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16 (2): 97‒159.
Wright, S. (1932) The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution.
Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Genetics 1 (8): 356‒366.
Wu, C.-I. (2001) The genic view of the process of speciation. Journal of Evolutionary
Biology 14 (6): 851865.
Zachos, F.E. (2016) Species concepts in biology. Historical development, theoretical
foundations and practical relevance. Springer, local de publicação não mencionado, xii +
220 pp.
Zamudio, K.R., Bell, R.C. & Mason, N.A. (2016) Phenotypes in phylogeography: Species
traits, environmental variation, and vertebrate diversification. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 113 (29): 80418048